this是一个指向当前对象的指针,它在每个非静态成员函数中都隐式可用。理解this指针对于解决命名冲突、实现链式调用和理解C++对象模型都很重要。
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#include <iostream>
class Entity
{
public:
int x, y;
Entity(int x, int y)
{
// this是指向当前对象的指针
Entity* e = this;
// 使用this解决参数名与成员变量名冲突
this->x = x;
this->y = y;
// 等价写法(编译器会自动添加this->)
// this->x = x;
// this->y = y;
}
void PrintAddress()
{
std::cout << "Object address: " << this << std::endl;
std::cout << "x address: " << &(this->x) << std::endl;
std::cout << "y address: " << &(this->y) << std::endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Entity e1(10, 20);
Entity e2(30, 40);
e1.PrintAddress();
e2.PrintAddress();
// 每个对象的this指针都指向不同的地址
}
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class Player
{
private:
std::string name;
int health;
int level;
public:
// 不使用this的写法(需要不同的参数名)
Player(const std::string& playerName, int playerHealth, int playerLevel)
: name(playerName), health(playerHealth), level(playerLevel) {}
// 使用this的写法(可以使用相同的参数名)
void SetStats(const std::string& name, int health, int level)
{
this->name = name; // 明确指定是成员变量
this->health = health;
this->level = level;
}
// 不使用this的错误示例
void BadSetName(const std::string& name)
{
name = name; // 错误:参数赋值给自己,成员变量没有改变
}
// 正确的写法
void SetName(const std::string& name)
{
this->name = name; // 正确:成员变量被赋值
}
void PrintInfo() const
{
std::cout << "Name: " << name << ", Health: " << health
<< ", Level: " << level << std::endl;
}
};
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class Calculator
{
private:
double m_Value;
public:
Calculator(double value = 0) : m_Value(value) {}
// 返回*this实现链式调用
Calculator& Add(double value)
{
m_Value += value;
return *this; // 返回当前对象的引用
}
Calculator& Subtract(double value)
{
m_Value -= value;
return *this;
}
Calculator& Multiply(double value)
{
m_Value *= value;
return *this;
}
Calculator& Divide(double value)
{
if (value != 0)
m_Value /= value;
return *this;
}
double GetResult() const { return m_Value; }
void Print() const
{
std::cout << "Result: " << m_Value << std::endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Calculator calc(10);
// 链式调用
calc.Add(5).Multiply(2).Subtract(10).Divide(2);
calc.Print(); // 输出: Result: 10
// 等价于:
// calc.Add(5);
// calc.Multiply(2);
// calc.Subtract(10);
// calc.Divide(2);
}
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class MyString
{
private:
char* m_Data;
size_t m_Size;
public:
MyString(const char* str)
{
m_Size = strlen(str);
m_Data = new char[m_Size + 1];
strcpy(m_Data, str);
}
~MyString()
{
delete[] m_Data;
}
// 拷贝赋值运算符
MyString& operator=(const MyString& other)
{
// 自赋值检查
if (this == &other)
{
return *this; // 如果是自己赋值给自己,直接返回
}
// 释放原有内存
delete[] m_Data;
// 分配新内存并拷贝
m_Size = other.m_Size;
m_Data = new char[m_Size + 1];
strcpy(m_Data, other.m_Data);
return *this;
}
const char* GetData() const { return m_Data; }
};
int main()
{
MyString str1("Hello");
MyString str2("World");
str2 = str1; // 正常赋值
str1 = str1; // 自赋值,会被检测到并直接返回
}
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class Example
{
private:
int m_Value;
public:
Example(int value) : m_Value(value) {}
void MemberFunction()
{
// 在成员函数中,this总是可用的
std::cout << "this = " << this << std::endl;
std::cout << "m_Value = " << this->m_Value << std::endl;
// 以下两种写法等价
m_Value = 100; // 编译器自动添加this->
this->m_Value = 100; // 显式使用this
}
// 静态成员函数中没有this指针
static void StaticFunction()
{
// std::cout << this << std::endl; // 错误:静态函数没有this
}
};
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class ConstExample
{
private:
int m_Value;
public:
ConstExample(int value) : m_Value(value) {}
void NonConstFunction()
{
// 非const函数中,this的类型是 ConstExample*
ConstExample* ptr = this; // 正确
}
void ConstFunction() const
{
// const函数中,this的类型是 const ConstExample*
const ConstExample* ptr = this; // 正确
// ConstExample* ptr2 = this; // 错误:不能去掉const
// 不能通过this修改成员变量
// this->m_Value = 100; // 错误:const函数不能修改成员
}
};
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class HttpRequest
{
private:
std::string m_Url;
std::string m_Method;
std::map<std::string, std::string> m_Headers;
std::string m_Body;
public:
HttpRequest& SetUrl(const std::string& url)
{
m_Url = url;
return *this;
}
HttpRequest& SetMethod(const std::string& method)
{
m_Method = method;
return *this;
}
HttpRequest& AddHeader(const std::string& key, const std::string& value)
{
m_Headers[key] = value;
return *this;
}
HttpRequest& SetBody(const std::string& body)
{
m_Body = body;
return *this;
}
void Send()
{
std::cout << "Sending " << m_Method << " request to " << m_Url << std::endl;
// 实际发送逻辑...
}
};
int main()
{
HttpRequest request;
// 流畅的API设计
request.SetUrl("https://api.example.com/users")
.SetMethod("POST")
.AddHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
.AddHeader("Authorization", "Bearer token123")
.SetBody("{\"name\":\"John\",\"age\":30}")
.Send();
}
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class Observer
{
public:
virtual void OnNotify() = 0;
};
class Subject
{
private:
std::vector<Observer*> m_Observers;
public:
void AddObserver(Observer* observer)
{
m_Observers.push_back(observer);
}
void RemoveObserver(Observer* observer)
{
auto it = std::find(m_Observers.begin(), m_Observers.end(), observer);
if (it != m_Observers.end())
m_Observers.erase(it);
}
void NotifyAll()
{
for (Observer* observer : m_Observers)
observer->OnNotify();
}
};
class ConcreteObserver : public Observer
{
private:
Subject* m_Subject;
public:
ConcreteObserver(Subject* subject) : m_Subject(subject)
{
m_Subject->AddObserver(this); // 将自己注册为观察者
}
~ConcreteObserver()
{
m_Subject->RemoveObserver(this); // 移除自己
}
void OnNotify() override
{
std::cout << "Observer " << this << " notified!" << std::endl;
}
};
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- this是指向当前对象的指针,在每个非静态成员函数中都可用
- 解决命名冲突:当参数名与成员变量名相同时,使用this->明确指定成员变量
- 链式调用:通过返回*this实现方法链式调用,提高API的流畅性
- 自赋值检查:在赋值运算符中使用this == &other检查自赋值
- 类型特性:在const成员函数中,this的类型是const T*;在非const成员函数中是T*